Difference between vena cava and aorta replacement

Cardiopulmonary bypass CPB was performed using two rolling pumps, membrane oxygenator, and tubes. To prepare for RIVP, the arterial line was bifurcated after pump 1 and the oxygenator. One branch of the arterial line was designed for systemic perfusion, which allowed ACP during circulatory arrest. The other branch was connected to pump 2, a pressure monitor, and a drainage tube from the inferior vena cava, which allowed RIVP during circulatory arrest Video.

After the ascending aorta was cross-clamped, myocardial protection was achieved by infusion of cold blood cardioplegia delivered intermittently in antegrade or retrograde mode. Proximal aortic root repair was performed during cooling. The Bentall procedure was performed if patients had severe aortic regurgitation and dilation of the aortic root. TARS was performed using the elephant-trunk technique and a four-branched graft [ 23 ].

Circulatory arrest was initiated after the target temperature was reached. The supra-aortic vessels were clamped while the ascending aortic clamp and aortic cannula were removed upon initiation of ACP. The arch was resected distally to the opening of the left subclavian artery, with each head vessel prepared for individual anastomosis. Systemic circulation was resumed through a side branch of the arch graft to perfuse the lower body. The arch reconstruction was performed by anastomosis of the left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery and innominate artery with the other three branches of the graft.

Patients were progressively weaned from CPB. Blood components were infused to maintain post-CPB hematocrit and coagulopathy. All patients were transferred back to the intensive care unit after the operation. Outcome assessors were blinded to patient allocation, while the surgeon, anesthesiologist, perfusionist and operating room personnel were not. After that, the aorta was opened for stent and anastomosis. RIVP was discontinued after anastomosis of the descending aorta, and the graft was completed.

Outcomes To determine the effect of RIVP on patient outcomes and lower body ischemia in particular, we defined the primary outcome as a composite of organ dysfunction in the lower body including paraplegia, postoperative dialysis-dependent renal failure, severe liver dysfunction, and gastrointestinal complications , as well as all-cause mortality, which occurred during hospitalization regardless of length of stay and for up to 30 days after surgery if the patient was discharged.

Gastrointestinal complications [ 24 ] included gastrointestinal bleeding, perforation, intestinal ischemia, pancreatitis, acute cholecystitis, and paralytic ileus. All patients with new central nervous system symptoms were assessed by a neurologist. Demographics and outcomes were defined as recommended by the Society of Thoracic Surgeons www.

The details of definitions of the outcomes were as previously reported [ 22 ]. Clinical data from the initial hospitalization were prospectively entered into our institutional database. Discharged patients were assessed directly in our outpatient clinic or by telephone.

Follow-up was completed for all patients by February 1, Other variables were expressed as median interquartile range , and differences were assessed using the Mann—Whitney U test. Categorical variables were expressed as numbers percentages , and differences were assessed using a Chi-Squared test. Binary logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios ORs among. Primary outcome was adjusted for age, gender, body mass index BMI. Prolonged intubation was adjusted for age, gender, BMI, and volume of red cell transfusion.

We used generalized estimating equations to assess the significance of inter-group differences in chest drainage volume and hemoglobin level. One does not have to place them all away from the whole chest field though, for one will not be operating in the cephalic part of the chest. What is required is just a draping and positioning that allows the passage of the sternal saw to make the cut.

The cable winch retractor has a supreme performance in costal margin. As well, it offers ample space underneath to open the chest when needed. The Bookwalter and the Omni-Tract take on the side and caudal retraction as mentioned. It is therefore up to the surgeon and the availability of equipment.

One method for side retraction of abdominal wall is the use of the Finochietto chest wall retractor. This can be used instead of the standard Balfour retractor designed for the purpose. The Finochietto has a wider span and therefore suitable for midline incisions in subjects with big decubitus. The ones with fenestrated blades are favored as these fenestrations enable passing a stitch through them that anchors the blades to the abdominal wall to prevent its slippage from the abdominal wall edge.

As for magnification, though the cava is a gross structure and so is every structure in the field of vena cava-related tumors including the tumor itself, though this is the case, yet the author recommends the use of 2. Though structures are gross, yet it is not structures that one is after while using the loupes; one is after the tissue plans.

The use of magnification helps much in defining tissue plans to desheath the cava and loop around the tributaries in proper planes with right angled forceps. During this looping one does not see the whole length of process of looping. The reliance here is on that the instrument has started in the proper subadventitial plan and therefore it is assumed that it will continue in it till the tip shows up again from the other side.

This makes this proper start very important. Magnification is an important adjunct to this proper start. The only way to do this is through opening of the inter-aortocaval plane with complete exposure of the aorta and ligation of lumbar arteries as necessary. Merits far supersede cost in the given situations. Attempts to preserve both structures are a waste of time, blood, and effort of the patient and the team. For tumors with adequate tissue planes, lateral dissection progresses seamlessly to the posterior dissection as the surgeon pulls on the tumor.

Tumors with extensive desmoplastic reaction do not follow this. The lateral dissection is difficult and so is the posterior dissection. The lateral dissection does not take the surgeon seamlessly to the posterior one. In addition, they both will require too much sharp dissection and cautery.

If the tumor is infiltrating the posterior abdominal wall laterally, i. The time and effort consumed to do so is a very good investment indeed and should not be refrained from. An already compromised lumen should lessen such effects. Infrahepatic clamps are almost systematically tolerated without any specific preparation. Suprahepatic clamps on the contrary need special consideration.

A test-clamp should be put on the proximal control and the operation is to be paused for a while. When the anesthetist reassures that the clamp is well tolerated in terms of hemodynamic effects, handling the cava can then start. If signs of hemodynamic instability are observed, the clamp is to be released until necessary measures are implemented, and the test is repeated. Measures to enhance tolerance of this clamp are known to anesthetists. Before test clamping it might be helpful to put the operating table in a head-down position for few minutes in order to allow pooling of the blood in the upper half of the body.

If the repair can be done in these conditions, then well and good. If not, the hole is to be compressed and the liver returned back to rest on it. After which a sternotomy is to be performed and the intrapericardial cava is to be clamped.

This is to be followed by returning back to the hole to get the necessary repair done. Though total cross-clamps of suprahepatic vena cavas will eventually be tolerated by most if not all patients, it is to be mentioned that sometimes even the mere traction on the looped-around hepatic veins might cause considerable hypotension.

Should hypotension happen unexplainably during surgery, it is recommended to have a look at the slings looping round the hepatic veins. Even when they look innocent, they might need to be loosened completely or even removed, and the liver is to be returned back to the abdomen in the normal position. Adherent cavas will require harsh manipulation.

They are not expected to perform better than the graft after this harsh manipulation; they will probably occlude anyway. In this case if there is a technical advantage of removing the cava in terms of blood loss or access and safety of dissection of other more important structures, namely, aorta and its branches, the surgical team is then advised to keep a low threshold to cross-clamp the cava and resect it.

Please see section for lateral and posterior dissection. For small defects requiring patch graft, pericardial autografts serve as a good option as well as prosthetic grafts. For full-circumference segment replacement, the body of literature present in the topic supports that PTFE is the conduit of choice. However, it is to be mentioned that not much Dacron grafts have been used for the purpose in the first place; those who have been used have performed as good. In conclusion, if PTFE is available then it is reasonable to give it priority.

However, if it is not available Dacron can be used instead. The need for ring enhancement has been recommended by authors justified by the low pressure in the cava. However, it is to be remembered that the native cava is even of a more pliable wall than any graft.

Therefore, ring-reinforced grafts are not to be considered a must unless for any reason the surgeon judges the presence of anatomical changes that will obviously compress the cava. An example of this is replacement of intrahepatic vena cava that required complete freeing from the central tendon.

This interruption might take time and is liable to postoperative thrombosis. Risk on the remaining kidney can be assessed by various methods Table Temporary occlusion while observing urine output and observing the kidney for color and turgidity changes indicates congestion. This can be supplemented by intraoperative Doppler and invasive pressure measurement of the occluded renal vein stump.

The presence of high pressure indicates venous outflow obstruction. Not much of this situation is written about in literature to conclude the figures that indicates absolute safety of the kidney. If all parameters are normal after clamping, it is well understood that there should be no worry.

Yet how far can we drift from normal in each parameter and still stay safe is yet to be determined in future work and publications. For now, the author recommends that if no change in the abovementioned parameters happens for 30 min, then it is reasonable to assume that the kidney is having efficient collaterals.

This is not very surprising as a tumor that requires resection of the cava must have narrowed its lumen and hence stimulating the collaterals development.

Cava difference between aorta vena replacement and test my pc for bitcoin mining

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